The influence of the perceived requirements of the next match and motivation on the mental fatigue of soccer players.

The high cognitive and/or emotional demands of competition can lead to a state of mental fatigue which has shown to be detrimental to soccer performance. However, there is a need to further understand the true mental demands of soccer players. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of motivation and the perceived requirements of the next match on mental fatigue perceived by soccer players over the passing of a season. The combined effect of both variables on the perception of mental fatigue, as well as the influence of the time of the season on perceived mental fatigue, were also analyzed. Twenty-six semi-professional Spanish male players (M = 26.31 ± 5.18 years) participated in the present study, conducted during the 2020-2021 season. Perceived mental fatigue and motivation were measured at each training session. The perceived requirements of the next match were also measured in each of the competitive weeks. Linear mixed models were run with R Studio to examine the influence of motivation and the perceived difficulty of the next match on perceived mental fatigue, the combined effect of both variables on perceived mental fatigue, and the influence of the passing of the season on perceived mental fatigue. The results showed a negative and significant influence of motivation on perceived mental fatigue (p < 0.001) and a positive and significant influence of the perceived requirements of the next match on perceived mental fatigue (p < 0.001). Regarding the combined effect, there was a positive and significant effect (p < 0.01) of the perceived difficulty of the next match on the relation between motivation and perceived mental fatigue. A negative influence of season passage on perceived mental fatigue levels was found (p < 0.001). We recommended coaches to consider using the most motivating training tasks when higher next-match requirements are perceived and to be careful with avoidance strategies for mental fatigue, especially at the beginning of the season.

Comparación entre variables antropométricas auto reportadas y mediciones reales

El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar el autoreporte de peso, estatura y perímetro de cintura, y comparar dicha percepción con los valores reales en estudiantes universitarios participantes de la Cohorte MESPYN, -Medellín, Salud Pública y Nutrición- de la Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA) - Colombia. Se realizó un estudio transversal a partir de la primera medición de la Cohorte MESPYN 2009-2010. La muestra incluyó estudiantes voluntarios de las diferentes áreas académicas. La autovaloración de peso, estatura y perímetro de cintura se registró antes de la toma de los datos reales. Se calcularon coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI) para todas las variables (α=0,05); la concordancia entre medidas reales y autoreferidas se valoró según el método de Bland y Altman. Se incluyeron 424 estudiantes voluntarios. El peso promedio real de hombres (kg) fue 67,4±10,4 y autoreportado: 67,0±11,0; en mujeres el valor real: 55,7±10,1 y autoreportado: 55,0±9,0. La estatura promedio real (m) en hombres fue 1,73±6,1 y autoreportada: 1,73±6,0; en mujeres el valor real: 1,60±5,9 y autoreportado: 1,61±6,0. En hombres el perímetro de cintura promedio real (cm) fue 76,6±8,0 y autoreportado: 75,0±14,0; en mujeres el valor real: 69,9±8,0 y autoreportado: 70,0±9,0. El CCI para peso: 0,956, IC95% (0,95; 0,97), (p<0,01); CCI para estatura: 0,953, IC95% (0,91; 0,97), (p<0,01) y CCI para perímetro de cintura: 0,593, IC95% (0,55; 0,65), (p<0,01). En conclusión, la evaluación nutricional antropométrica de estudiantes de la UdeA puede realizarse por datos autoreportados para peso y estatura, pero la evaluación de obesidad abdominal requiere la toma directa del perímetro de cintura.

Comparison of self-reported anthropometric variables and real measurement data . The objectives of this study were to evaluate self-reporting of weight, height, and waist circumference, and to compare that perception with the real measurements in college students of the MESPYN cohort -- Medellin, Salud Pública y Nutrición -- from the University of Antioquia (UdeA), Colombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted starting with the first measurement of the MESPYN Cohort 2009-2010. The sample included volunteer students from different academic areas. Self-perception of weight, height, and waist circumference were recorded before the real measurements were performed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for all the variables, and an alpha of 0.05 was used. The concordance between real measurements and self-referred values was evaluated with the Bland and Altman method. 424 volunteer students were included. The average real weight (kg) in males was 67.4±10.4 and self-reported: 67.0±11.0; in females the real value was 55.7±10.1 and self-reported: 55.0±9.0. The average real height (m) in males was 1.73±6.1 and self-reported: 1.73±6.0; in females the real value was 1.60±5.9 and self-reported: 1.61±6.0. In males, the average real waist circumference (cm) was 76.6±8.0 and self-reported: 75.0±14.0; in females the real value was 69.9±8.0 and self-reported: 70.0±9.0. Weight ICC: 0.956, 95%CI (0.95; 0.97), (p<0.01); height ICC: 0.953, 95%IC (0.91; 0.97), (p<0.01), and waist circumference ICC: 0.593, 95%IC (0.55; 0.65), (p<0.01). In conclusion, anthropometric nutritional evaluation of UdeA students can be performed with self-reported data for weight and height, but the evaluation of abdominal obesity requires direct measurement of waist circumference.

[Comparison of self-reported anthropometric variables and real measurement data]. / Comparación entre variables antropométricas auto reportadas y mediciones reales.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate self-reporting of weight, height, and waist circumference, and to compare that perception with the real measurements in college students of the MESPYN cohort--Medellin, Salud Pública y Nutrición--from the University of Antioquia (UdeA), Colombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted starting with the first measurement of the MESPYN Cohort 2009-2010. The sample included volunteer students from different academic areas. Self-perception of weight, height, and waist circumference were recorded before the real measurements were performed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for all the variables, and an alpha of 0.05 was used. The concordance between real measurements and self-referred values was evaluated with the Bland and Altman method. 424 volunteer students were included. The average real weight (kg) in males was 67.4 +/- 10.4 and self-reported: 67.0 +/- 11.0; in females the real value was 55.7 +/- 10.1 and self-reported: 55.0 +/- 9.0. The average real height (m) in males was 1.73 +/- 6.1 and self-reported: 1.73 +/- 6.0; in females the real value was 1.60 +/- 5.9 and self-reported: 1.61 +/- 6.0. In males, the average real waist circumference (cm) was 76.6 +/- 8.0 and self-reported: 75.0 +/- 14.0; in females the real value was 69.9 +/- 8.0 and self-reported: 70.0 +/- 9.0. Weight ICC: 0.956, 95% CI (0.95; 0.97), (p < 0.01); height ICC: 0.953, 95%IC (0.91; 0.97), (p < 0.01), and waist circumference ICC: 0.593, 95% IC (0.55; 0.65), (p < 0.01). In conclusion, anthropometric nutritional evaluation of UdeA students can be performed with self-reported data for weight and height, but the evaluation of abdominal obesity requires direct measurement of waist circumference.

Seguridad, confidencialidad y práctica asistencial / Safety, confidentiality and nursing practice

La presencia de las tecnologías de la información en la práctica asistencial es cada vez mayor, generando dependencias de tipo tecnológico. Minimizar y asumir el riesgo de los problemas generados por las tecnologías es una cultura que debemos aprender e incorporar a nuestra actividad asistencial. La legislación en materia de salud y de protección de datos crea el marco de trabajo, que junto con el tecnológico (protocolos, estándares, normas, etc) delimitan las actuaciones de los Sistemas y Tecnologías de la Información. Asegurar la credibilidad y la confianza sobre dichos sistemas es una tarea que debemos asumir todos (AU)

The authors seek to show us, through this article, how to minimize and assume the risk of the problems generated by technology, and which we should learn and incorporate into our nursing activity (AU)

Waterborne outbreak of tularemia associated with crayfish fishing.

In 1997, an outbreak of human tularemia associated with hare-hunting in central Spain affected 585 patients. We describe the identification of Francisella tularensis biovar palaearctica in a second outbreak of ulceroglandular tularemia associated with crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) fishing in a contaminated freshwater stream distant from the hare-associated outbreak. The second outbreak occurred 1 year after the first.

[Artificial urinary sphincter in the treatment of urinary incontinence caused by sphincter insufficiency]. / El esfínter urinario artificial en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria por incompetencia esfinteriana.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results relative to continence and the complications of the artificial urinary sphincter in the treatment of urinary incontinence due to sphincter incompetence. METHODS: The artificial urinary sphincter model AS 800 was implanted in 35 patients with incontinence arising from various causes. Follow-up ranged from 14 to 108 months (mean 39.8). Patients ages ranged from 4 to 68 years (mean 44.4). There were 17 female (49%) and 18 male patients (51%). The cuff was implanted around the bladder neck in 25 patients (71%) and around the bulbous urethra in 10 (29%). RESULTS: There were 2 mechanical device failures, 2 pump erosion and 1 tube erosion through the abdominal wall in a patient who had had a perforation of an augmentation cystoplasty. Thirty-one patients (88%) became continent. Ten patients (28%) had another operation for device revision or relapse. CONCLUSION: The artificial urinary sphincter is a valid alternative in the treatment of urinary incontinence due to sphincteric incompetence. It is possible to achieve good continence rates, although there is a high revision rate and lifetime follow-up is required.

[An outbreak of trichinosis in Huerta del Marquesado (the Cañete-Cuenca basic health area). December 1992 to January 1993]. / Brote de triquinelosis en Huerta del Marquesado (ZBS Cañete-Cuenca). Diciembre-92 a enero-93.

BACKGROUND: A trichinellosis outbreak was investigated (December 1992-January 1993). It occurred in the village of Huerta del Marquesado among people who consumed sausages made with pork, meat. The aim of this study is to show the consequences of consuming meat without a sanitary control on human health. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out. Information was obtained using a standardized questionnaire for Foodbornes. A descriptive study was done and the relationship between the intake of sausages and disease was also investigated. RESULTS: 19 cases were reported, median frequency: 11 of January. The outbreak lasted 21 days. The mean incubation period was 26.47 days (SD 4.45 days). Most frequent symptoms were fever, myalgia, eyelid's edema. The age of the patients varied from 5 to 65 years old, being the mean 33 years old. Proportionally more women than men were diseased (58%). No cases died or were hospitalized. A significant statistic association was show between trichinellosis and intake of sausages (OR = 54; 95% Confidence interval 3.1- 2622.43; p < 0.0006). Trichinella spiralis larvae have been shown in samples of the pork meat which had been eaten. CONCLUSIONS: The disease did not last excessively and was not too severe, which suggest a low parasite density. After the laboratory confirmation the meat was confiscated and destroyed. The outbreak was controlled with the active collaboration of the public health veterinarians.

[Interactive morphometry and densitometry for the study of epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx. Preliminary results]. / Aplicación de la morfometría y densitometría interactivas al estudio del carcinoma epidermoide laríngeo. Resultado preliminar.

At present the utilization of quantitative techniques in anatomopathological studies is becoming more and more frequent, so adding the possibility of gaining measures and numerical assessments in front of conventional quantitative evaluations. In the paper the AA. report their first attempt with conventional slides of epidermoid carcinomas of the larynx, taken from the files. The aim has been to check out the contribution of this procedure compared with other traditional pathological techniques.

Stability of some phenolic antioxidants in fatty preparations.

Stability of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate (PG), trihydroxy butyrophenone (THBP), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) and a mixture of PG and BHA (1:1) in fatty preparations stored under three different conditions was studied. Each antioxidant was added to a fatty model to determine its degradation kinetics and its evolution during the oxidation of the fatty product. Their degradation was adequately described by a first-order kinetic process. An opposite relationship between the stability of antioxidants and their rate protection against oxidation of the fatty product was obtained. At 25 degrees C, t90 values ranged between 10 days for TBHQ and 61 days for BHA. On the other hand, compared when they were formulated alone, the increase of PG and the diminution of BHA degradation kinetics were observed. A degradation product arising from TBHQ was found in samples and stock solutions; an HPLC method for its identification is proposed with detection at 254 nm.

Residence time distribution of diazepam in the isolated perfused rat liver. Analysis with the axial dispersion model.

The application of the axial dispersion model to diazepam hepatic elimination was evaluated using data obtained for impulse-response experiments with diazepam in the single-pass isolated perfused rat liver preparation. The transient form of the two-compartment dispersion model was applied to the output concentration versus time profile of diazepam after bolus input of a radiolabelled tracer into the hepatic portal vein (n = 4), providing DN and CLint estimates of 0.251 +/- 0.093 and 135 +/- 59 ml min-1, respectively. In contrast, the one-compartment form of the axial dispersion model, which assumes instantaneous transversal distribution of substance to the accessible spaces within the liver, could not adequately describe the residence time distribution (RTD) of diazepam. Furthermore, the magnitude of DN, a stochastic parameter which characterizes the axial spreading of solutes during transit through the liver, is similar to that determined for non-eliminated substances such as erythrocytes, albumin, sucrose and water. These findings suggest that the dispersion of diazepam in the perfused rat liver is determined primarily by the architecture of the hepatic microvasculature.

Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in the rat: influence of a carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury.

The pharmacokinetics of diazepam in normal rats and in rats pretreated with carbon tetrachloride to induce hepatic cirrhosis (cirrhotic rats) was studied after intravenous and oral administration of the drug (4 mg/kg). Animals pretreated with this hepatotoxic agent showed a significant prolongation in the half-life of diazepam in plasma that is due more to an increase in volume of distribution rather than to a decrease in clearance. This study confirmed that diazepam was highly extracted by the rat liver and was not affected by the hepatotoxic agent, although there probably was a saturation of the activity of the cytochrome P450 enzyme when the drug was administered orally. Diazepam binds to plasma proteins to a high degree in both normal and cirrhotic rats; however, in the latter, a significant increase in the fraction of unbound drug in plasma was observed. Pretreatment of rats with carbon tetrachloride did not produce any change either in the distribution of diazepam into erythrocytes or in the disposition of the metabolite desmethyldiazepam.

Application of the axial dispersion model of hepatic drug elimination to the kinetics of diazepam in the isolated perfused rat liver.

The application of the axial dispersion model to diazepam hepatic elimination was evaluated using data obtained for several conditions using the single-pass isolated perfused rat liver preparation. The influence of alterations in the fraction unbound in perfusate (fu) and perfusate flow (Q) on the availability (F) of diazepam was studied under steady conditions (n = 4 in each case). Changes in fu were produced by altering the concentration of human serum albumin (HSA) in the perfusion medium while maintaining diazepam concentration at 1 mg L-1. In the absence of protein (fu = 1), diazepam availability was 0.011 +/- 0.005 (mean +/- SD). As fu decreased, availability progressively increased and at a HSA concentration of 2% (g/100 ml), when fu was 0.023, diazepam availability was 0.851 +/- 0.011. Application of the axial dispersion model to the relationship between fu and F provided estimates for the dispersion number (DN) of 0.337 +/- 0.197, and intrinsic clearance (CL(int)) of 132 +/- 34 ml min-1. The availability of diazepam during perfusion with protein-free media was also studied at three different flow rates (15, 22.5, and 30 ml min-1). Diazepam availability always progressively increased as perfusate flow increased, with the axial dispersion model yielding estimates for DN of 0.393 +/- 0.128 and CL(int) of 144 +/- 38 ml min-1. The transient form of the two-compartment dispersion model was also applied to the output concentration versus time profile of diazepam after bolus input of a radiolabeled tracer into the hepatic portal vein (n = 4), providing DN and CL(int) estimates of 0.251 +/- 0.093 and 135 +/- 59 ml min-1, respectively. Hence, all methods provided similar estimates for DN and CL(int). Furthermore, the magnitude of DN is similar to that determined for noneliminated substances such as erythrocytes, albumin, sucrose, and water. These findings suggest that the dispersion of diazepam in the perfused rat liver is determined primarily by the architecture of the hepatic microvasculature.

Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in the rat: influence of an experimentally induced hepatic injury.

The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of diazepam in normal rats and rats with a carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic cirrhosis after intravenous and oral administration of the drug (4 mg/Kg). When animals are pretreated with this hepatotoxic agent, a significant prolongation in plasma half-life of diazepam is observed, due more to an increase in volume of distribution rather than to a decrease in clearance. Our findings confirm that diazepam is highly extracted by the liver of the rat. This parameter is not affected by the hepatotoxic agent, but probably there is a saturation of the hepatic enzyme activity when the drug is orally administered at the dose of 4 mg/Kg. Diazepam binds to a high degree to plasma proteins in normal and damaged rats, though in the last case a significant increase in the unbound fraction of drug in plasma is observed. Pretreatment of rats with Cl4C does not produce any change in distribution of diazepam into erythrocytes.